The larynx (voice box) is located at the top of the trachea (the windpipe).
This Organ contains the vocal cords. Vocal cords vibrate and allow us talk and sing.

With cancer of the larynx (laryngeal cancer), malignant cells grow in the tissue of the larynx. Most laryngeal cancers form in squamous cells, the flat cells that line the inside of the larynx.

Endoscopic laser surgery on the larynx is very effective. In stages I and II, surgery has better or equal cure rates when compared to radiation therapy. Endoscopic resection can remove very early cancers of the larynx. General anesthesia is used. The surgeon inserts an endoscope (a tube with a camera and a light on the inside of the tube) into the throat to locate the cancer. Then the surgeon uses a scalpel or a laser to remove the cancerous tissue. A laser is a thin hot beam of light. It cuts tissue and controls bleeding at the same time.

Surgery is often the best and only option for large cancers, or cancer that does not respond to radiation treatments.

Partial Laryngectomy

Partial laryngectomy is used to treat small laryngeal cancer, or for cancer that has returned after radiation (recurrent cancer). During partial laryngectomy, only part of the larynx is removed. At least one part of one vocal cord is not removed. After a partial laryngectomy patients can still speak, but the voice might be hoarse or weak. There are different types of partial laryngectomies. Your doctor might use these names:

–  A cordectomy is the removal of one vocal cord.
–  A frontolateral laryngectomy is the removal of the front of both vocal cords and most of the cancerous cord.
–  An anterior frontal laryngectomy is the removal of the front of both vocal cords.
–  A hemilaryngectomy is the removal of one side of the voice box.

During the procedure, the surgeon will make an opening in the neck to the windpipe. This will create a temporary tracheostomy (a hole in the neck for breathing). The tracheostomy allows the larynx to heal after surgery. After healing, the patients usually speak and eat differently.

Supraglottic Laryngectomy

A supraglottic laryngectomy is used when the tumor is only in the area above the vocal cords. The surgeon will use either the laser or the open technique to remove the voice box structures above the vocal cords (the false vocal cords and the epiglottis).

During the procedure, the surgeon will make an opening in the neck to the windpipe. This will create a temporary tracheostomy (a hole in the neck for breathing). The tracheostomy allows the larynx to heal after surgery. After healing, patients usually speak and eat effectively.

Total Laryngectomy

The surgeon may need to remove the entire voice box to cure the cancer. This is called a total laryngectomy.

The larynx connects the mouth to the lungs. After the larynx is removed, there is no connection for air to enter the lungs. During the procedure, the surgeon will make an opening in the neck for breathing. The opening is called a tracheotomy or a stoma. The stoma is permanent after a total laryngectomy.
Without vocal cords, patients cannot speak in the normal way. One method to help patients speak is the creations of a fistula (a small opening in the tissues for passage of air). The fistula is made during the laryngectomy. A speech therapist can teach different ways to make sounds and help patients learn to speak again.Two weeks after surgery, the patient can eat without difficulty.
Two weeks after surgery, the patient can eat without difficulty.

FESS is solely based on establishing the drainage pathways, other factors such as pathogens virulence, immune response and allergies are ignored.

Thyroid surgery is used to treat thyroid nodules, thyroid cancer, and hyperthyroidism. During this procedure, part or all of the thyroid gland is removed. During surgery, an incision is made in the skin. The muscle and other tissues are pulled aside to expose the thyroid gland.

Many people leave the hospital a day or two after surgery. How much time you spend in the hospital and how fast you recover depend on your age and general health, the extent of the surgery, and whether cancer is present.

This surgery is used to treat thyroid problems if:

– Thyroid cancer is present or is suspected.

– A noncancerous (benign) nodule is large enough to cause problems with breathing or swallowing.

– A fluid-filled (cystic) nodule returns after being drained once or twice.

– Hyperthyroidism cannot be treated with medicines or radioactive iodine.

Surgery Overview

Rhinoplasty is surgery to reshape the nose. It can make the nose larger or smaller; change the angle of the nose in relation to the upper lip; alter the tip of the nose; or correct bumps, indentations, or other defects in the nose.

During rhinoplasty, the surgeon makes incisions to access the bones and cartilage that support the nose. The incisions are usually made inside the nose so that they are invisible after the surgery. Depending on the desired result, some bone and cartilage may be removed, or tissue may be added (either from another part of the body or using a synthetic filler). After the surgeon has rearranged and reshaped the bone and cartilage, the skin and tissue is redraped over the structure of the nose. A splint is placed outside the nose to support the new shape of the nose as it heals.

Rhinoplasty may be done using general or local anesthesia. It is usually done as an outpatient procedure but sometimes requires a 1-night stay in the hospital or surgery center.

Surgeons who do rhinoplasties typically have training in either plastic surgery, otolaryngology (ear, nose, and throat specialty), or both.

What To Expect After Surgery

The splint and bandaging around your nose will be removed in about a week.

Your face will feel puffy and the area around your eyes and nose will be bruised and swollen for several days. Cold compresses can help minimize the swelling and reduce pain. Your doctor may also recommend pain medicine. It takes about 10 to 14 days before most of the swelling and bruising improves.

You may need to keep your head elevated and relatively still for the first few days after surgery. It may be several weeks before you can return to strenuous activities.

Why It Is Done

Rhinoplasty can change the size, shape, and angle of your nose and bring it into better proportion with the rest of your face.

Rhinoplasty may also correct structural problems with the nose that cause chronic congestion and breathing problems.

How Well It Works

The results of rhinoplasty may be minor or significant, depending on what kind of correction you want. It is important that you and your plastic surgeon agree on the goals of the surgery. If your expectations are realistic and your plastic surgeon shares them, he or she will probably be able to give you the results you want.

The results of rhinoplasty are permanent, although subsequent injury or other factors can alter the nose’s appearance. Cosmetic surgery should only be done on a fully developed nose. Complete development has usually occurred by age 15 or 16 in females and by age 17 or 18 in males. If surgery is done before this time, continued development of the nose can alter the surgical results and possibly cause complications.

What To Think About

If you choose to have local anesthesia, be prepared for the sounds of your doctor working on the bones and cartilage of your nose.

One of the prominent features of the face, the nose can have a big impact on your self-image and appearance. If you’re unhappy with your nose and have been so for a long time, rhinoplasty is a reasonable option to consider. As with other cosmetic procedures, you are more likely to be happy with the results of rhinoplasty if you have clear, realistic expectations about what the surgery can achieve and if you share these with your plastic surgeon.

Most insurance companies will not cover the costs of rhinoplasty unless it is being done to correct a functional problem or a defect caused by disease or injury. Even in these cases, be sure to check with your insurance company to find out what portion of the costs it will cover. Costs of surgery include not only the surgeon’s fee but fees for the operating facility, the anesthesiologist, medicines, splints, and other services and materials.

Some individuals would like to improve certain aspects about their face. Others are born with facial abnormalities such as a cleft lip, a birthmark, or other birth defects and desire correction. Many of us notice the effects of aging, sun damage, or previous facial trauma on the face. Fortunately, many of these conditions can be corrected through procedures performed by a surgeon.

The range of conditions that otolaryngologists diagnose and treat are widely varied and can involve the whole face, nose, lips, ears, and neck. Facial plastic surgery is a component of otolaryngology that can be divided into two categories—reconstructive and cosmetic.

Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed for patients with conditions that may be present from birth, such as birthmarks on the face, cleft lip and palate, protruding ears, and a crooked smile. Other conditions that are the result of accidents, trauma, burns, or previous surgery are also corrected with this type of surgery. In addition, some reconstructive procedures are required to treat existing diseases like skin cancer.

Blepharoplasty (BLEF-uh-roe-plas-tee) includes surgery to repair droopy eyelids that may involve removing excess skin, muscle and fat.

As you age, your eyelids stretch, and the muscles supporting them weaken. As a result, excess fat may gather above and below your eyelids, causing sagging eyebrows, droopy upper lids and bags under your eyes.

Besides making you look older, severely sagging skin around your eyes can reduce your side vision (peripheral vision), especially the upper and outer parts of your field of vision. Blepharoplasty can reduce or eliminate these vision problems and make your eyes appear younger and more alert.

Blepharoplasty is usually done on an outpatient basis. To help decide if blepharoplasty is right for you, find out what you can realistically expect and explore the benefits and risks of blepharoplasty.